Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research
Abstracts: April-June, 2002
|
CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WHEAT CROP ABSTRACT: Consumptive use of wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) variety, Kanchan, was studied in 15 field installed drums, each of size 20x40x65 cm, maintained under 5 irrigation treatments, at the central farm, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh during winter seasons of 1988-90. The average consumptive uses were 514 mm and 318 mm for 1988-89 and 1989-90, respectively, for corresponding yields (at 12% M.C., dry basis) of 6.81 t/ha and 3.53 t/ha. The two years’ weighted average water use and Water Use Index (WUI) were 405 mm and 12.3 kg/ha/mm, respectively, against an average yield of 4.98 t/ha. For a good level of production (5 t/ ha), daily ET starts from 1 mm at sowing, increases to 3.6 mm around 40 days after sowing (DAS) and gradually reaches its maximum of 6.4 mm/day around 85 DAS and thereafter decreases at a faster rate than the rate of increase at the earlier period. Two stages having higher crop coefficients were identified in 1988-89 as maximum tillering around 38 DAS and pre-flowering around 70 DAS, respectively. The figures were 1.25 and 1.65 , respectively. In 1989-90, the same trend was observed but the stage was reached a week earlier in each case because the crop had less vegetation and growth due to adverse climatic conditions. MIX CROPPING OF MUSTARD AND WHEAT IN FATEHJANG TEHSIL M. Shafiq Zahid, Safdar Shafeeq and M. U. Mufti* ABSTRACT: Comparison between an improved and farmers’ variety of mustard, mixed in wheat was undertaken at farmers’ fields for two years 1988-89 to 1989-90 in Fatehjang Tehsil. Improved variety S-9 of mustard produced significantly higher fodder yield than farmers’ variety. Increase over farmers’ variety was recorded as 1,485 and 10,357 kg/ha in 1988-89 and 1989-90, respectively. Low yield in first year was due to use of less quantity of fertilizer compared to second year and low moisture level during November. On the basis of years average, net benefit of Rs. 1196.5/ha was achieved with improved mustard variety. Therefore, this variety is recommended for good fodder yield and better economic returns in Fatehjang Tehsil.
EVALUATION OF TILLAGE SYSTEMS FOR RAINFED WHEAT ABSTRACT: The paper analyses the data from on-farm experiments on tillage systems for rainfed wheat in the high rainfall areas of Islamabad District from 1986 to 1989. Experiments were conducted on farmer’s fields previously planted with maize. Three tillage systems, deep ploughing (moldboard), shallow ploughing (cultivator) and minimum tillage (direct drilling) were studied. The average grain and straw yields were 3848 kg and 6276 kg/ha, respectively, for deep ploughed fields, and 3433 kg grain and 5807 kg straw/ha for direct drilled plots. The lowest yield (3290 kg grain and 5502 kg straw/ha) was obtained by the traditional method of shallow ploughing. Same trends were found in tillers/m2. The grain yield was positively correlated with tillers/m2 and 1000-grain weight. The two improved methods, deep ploughing for wheat and direct drilling of wheat, provided almost equal income (Rs. 5597 and 5565/ha respectively). The net benefit from traditional ploughing for wheat was Rs. 4245/ha, which was 31% less than the other two treatments. INTERVARIETAL VARIABILITY IN RICE FOR SODICITY TOLERANCE M. Yasin, M. Tahir Rashid* and M.Y. Arain** ABSTRACT: Response of six rice varieties in solution culture at constant salinity (2 dS/m) with different SAR levels (O, 15, 30, 45 and 60) was studied. Increasing SAR of the solution culture significantly decreased shoot and root dry matter yield of all varieties. Reduction in shoot yield was minimum in Bas-370 and IR-6. Maximum reduction occurred in Sada-Gulab and JP-5 with increasing SAR. Concentration of Na both in shoot and root increased and that of K decreased as the SAR level in the ambient solution increased. Shoot potassium concentration in Bas-370, IR-6 and Bas-385 was much higher than JP-5 and Bas-198. The Na/K ratio was more in JP-5 and Sada-Gulab than Bas-370 and IR-6. Tissue Na concentration, Na/K ratio and SAR levels in the ambient solution were highly significant and negatively correlated with dry matter yield of rice while potassium concentration was highly significant and positively correlated. Differential accumulation of Na and K and Na/K ratio in rice cultivars was closely associated with their sodicity tolerance. EFFECT OF MILLING DEGREE ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RICE Muhammad Arshed Karim, Akbar Ali, Liaquat Ali, Muhammad Anwar and Abdul Majid* ABSTRACT: A commercial rice variety Basmati 385 was polished at varying intervals to study the effect of milling degree on its quantity and quality. Samples of whole brown rice were polished from 5 to 40 seconds at a uniform interval of five seconds. The parameters studied were milling recovery, cooking characteristics and chemical properties. Maximum head rice recovery ( 85% of whole brown rice ) and 1000- grain weight ( 16.26 g ) were observed at five seconds polishing time which decreased gradually and reached the minimum ( 60.6 % and 15.26 g, respectively ) at 40 seconds. The desirable whiteness in milled rice ( 37-38 degree ) was recorded at 20 and 25 seconds polishing time. Rice soaking and cooking times decreased with an increase in milling degree. Maximum elongation ( 14.8 mm) of rice during cooking was observed both at 25 and 30 seconds whereas, the highest losses ( 8.41 % ) during washing and cooking and the lowest grain bursting ( 6.9 % ) at 15 seconds polishing time. Protein and crude oil contents in milled rice decreased from 10 % and 0.98 % to 7.9 % and 0.13 % , respectively when the polishing time increased from 5 to 40 seconds. Although amylose content showed a reverse trend but it remained in the intermediate amylose group ( 20-25 % ). The highest gel consistency value of 69.4 mm was found at 30 seconds, followed by 64 mm at 25 seconds polishing time. EFFECT OF TILLAGE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BORO RICE IN THE LEVEL BARIND TRACT Maruf Ahmed, M. A. Quddus, M. Kalimuddin, H. Rahman* and M. Z. Abedin** ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted in the Level Barind Tract at Farming Systems Research site, Narhatta, Bogra during 1987 and 1988 to study the effect of tillage on boro rice cultivation. Three levels of tillage viz. 0, 2 and 3 ploughing were tested. No significant yield difference was observed due to different levels of tillage. Grain yield of rice in these two years varied from 5.05 to 5.59 t/ha due to different levels of tillage. Though the degree of weed infestation was higher in lower level of tillage, it did not significantly influence the yield. The mean return above variable cost in zero tillage (Tk. 32816/ha) was higher than in the other tillage levels. Zero tillage ensured planting at optimum time and helped to minimize the shortage of draught power during peak period of transplanting.
HERITABILITY OF DROUGHT RELATED CHARACTERS IN RICE Muhammad Shahid, T. Latif, M.A. Khan, M. Iqbal and M. Anwar* ABSTRACT: Five F2 populations alongwith their eight parents were studied to ascertain and compare heritabilities for number of stomata, stomata size, flag leaf venation, flag leaf thickness, flag leaf length and flag leaf breadth. Heritabilities were calculated by using the variances of parents and F2 generations. In a broad sense, heritability was high for flag leaf thickness and stomata size, while it was moderate to high for number of stomata and flag leaf length, moderate to low for flag leaf venation while low for flag leaf breadth. EFFECTS OF SOWING DATE ON THE YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF MUSTARD AND RAPES ABSTRACT: Five varieties of mustard and rapes viz. Tori-7, TS-72, Daulat, Rai-5 and Sonali Sarisha were compared for yield and yield components with respect to sowing on October 20, November 04, November 18, and December 02, 1991. Results showed that yields were greater when seeds were sown on November 04, compared to both the early and late sowings. Yield reductions were much higher from sowing seeds beyond November 18. Varieties differed significantly with the order of seed yields: Sonali Sorisha > Daulat > Rai-5> TS-72 > Tori-7. The yield reductions due to delayed sowing up to November 18, were much lower in Tori-7 and TS-72 compared to other varieties. Sowing on October 20, appeared to be early for Daulat, Rai-5 and Sonali Sarisha since these varieties gave higher yields when sown on November 04. Correlation studies between plant size at different developmental stages and seed yield/plant evidenced that sowing on November 04, produced suitable sized plants, which efficiently yielded more, and each of early and late sowings produced either oversized or undersized plants for producing lower seed yields. EFFECT OF GROWTH STAGES ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF FORAGE GRASSES Sarwat N.Mirza*, Noor Muhammad and Imtiaz A. Qamar** ABSTRACT: Dry matter yield and crude protein content of four improved and one native grass species were studied at three growth stages i.e., vegetative, flowering and maturity. The highest dry matter yield in all grasses was obtained at flowering stage whereas the lowest yield occurred at maturity. Forage production of improved species was higher at each growth stage as compared to native species. Grass quality particularly the crude protein content of grasses gradually decreased with maturity. In all the species the highest crude protein level (ranging from 7.0% to 9.6%) was found at the vegetative stage . The maximum decrease in crude protein content was found between the flowering and mature stage. EFFECT OF CUTTING FREQUENCIES ON FORAGE YIELD OF TWO VETCH SPECIES
RESPONSE OF COWPEA GERMPLASM TO VIRUS INFECTION Muhammad Bashir, Abdul Ghafoor and Zahoor Ahmad* ABSTRACT: Cowpea germplasm consisting of 94 accessions of diverse origin were evaluated for virus infection under field conditions. Virus disease incidence under natural infection conditions ranged from 0 to 66%. Based on ELISA and PCR results the following five viruses: cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV), bean common mosaic (BCMV), blackeye cowpea mosaic (BlCMV) and cowpea aphid-borne mosaic potyviruses (CABMV) and mungbean yellow mosaic geminivirus (MYMV) were detected. Out of 94 lines tested, 18 (19%), 45 (47.8%), 49 (52.1%) and 55 (58.5%) were found infected with CMV, BlCMV, BCMV and CABMV respectively. The natural occurrence of BCMV, CMV and MYMV on cowpea in Pakistan seems to be the first report. Only 10 accessions (five local: 27005, 29154, 27181, 27196 and 27197 and five exotic: IT97K-89235, IT94K-556-6, IT96K-113-6, IT85F-1380, and IT95K-1985) were found free of visible symptoms and no virus was detected in these lines by ELISA. These cowpea genotypes may serve as resistant sources for breeding programme.
IMPACT OF TILLAGE PRACTICES AND CROPPING SYSTEMS ON THE SURVIVAL OF OVERWINTERING RICE STEM BORER LARVAE A. Rehman, Ehsan-ul-Haq* and C. Inayatullah** ABSTRACT: Rice stem borers (RSB) (Scirpophaga incertulas and Scirpophaga innotata) are the serious pests of rice in south and south-east Asia. In winter, the RSB larvae hibernate in rice stubbles. The survival of larvae was monitored in conventional and zero-tillage wheat at 13 sites during 1987-88 and at 5 sites during 1988-89 from rice growing areas of Punjab. In addition, the larval survival was also monitored in berseem, fallow-unploughed and fallow-ploughed fields. The highest larval survival was in berseem, followed by fallow-unploughed, zero-tillage, conventional tillage and fallow-ploughed fields. At the end of hibernation period (March-April), the larval density in both conventional and zero-tillage systems was almost equal. Regression analysis indicated a linear increase in the larval mortality over time. The data indicated that the major over-wintering sites of RSB are unploughed fallow fields and those planted with berseem, and growing of wheat after rice, either by conventional or zero-tillage minimizes the RSB problem. In general, rice stubbles in wheat fields sown with zero-tillage are not a major threat for the subsequent rice crop except those fields where population is very high. EVALUATION OF GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF COTTON BY PRESOWING TREATMENTS UNDER SALT-STRESSED
CONDITIONS Abstract: A study was undertaken to see the effect of presowing soaking of cotton seed in various solutions of known concentrations for various duration on seed germination and salt tolerance. Effect of seed treatments on cotton germination, seedling length and weight at salinity levels (1.5, 5, 10, 15, 22 and 30 dS/m was studied. Significantly higher germination, seedling length and weight was found at S1.5 and S5 salinity levels. Reduction in seed germination, seedling length and seedling weight of cotton was significant with linear increase in salinity. Minimum seedling length and weight was found at 30 dS/m. Decline in germination and seedling length at various salinity levels was not alike in all treatments. Like salinity, presowing soaking had a significant positive effect on germination, seedling length and weight. Soaking of seeds in 15 ml concentrated sulphuric acid for 10 minutes and then dipping in 15 me/l calcium sulphate for 2 hours was best treatments. Seed soaked in 20 ml concentrated sulphuric acid for 10 minutes and seed soaked in 15 me/l calcium sulphate for 2 hours also improved germination soaking treatments helped in overcoming hazardous effect of salinity. Values regarding germination, seedling length and weight were minimum in control (dry sowing). IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES OF RESISTANCE AGAINST
BAKANAE AND FOOT ROT DISEASE IN RICE ABSTRACT: Thirteen rice cultivars were screened for resistance against Bakanae and Foot rot disease caused by Fusarium moniliforme Sheld in the greenhouse and field conditions under artificially seed inoculated disease pressure for two consecutive years (1994-95). Out of these 10 cultivars (9 coarse varieties and one fine) indicated 1% infected tillers, while Basmati-370, Super Basmati and Basmati-385 showed 20%, 65% and 70% infected tillers, respectively. It is concluded that all of the coarse cultivars tested showed moderately resistant behaviour in addition to one fine cultivar i.e. Basmati-198 while other fine cultivars were susceptible. GUAVA PROPAGATION THROUGH CHIP BUDDING Mir Saleem Khattak*, M.N. Malik and M.A. Khan**
|
